What is a characteristic of System 2 thinking?

System 2 thinking is characterized by conscious and controlled decision-making, which involves a more deliberate and analytical process. Unlike System 1 thinking, which is quick, automatic, and often relies on heuristics or mental shortcuts, System 2 requires mental effort and is engaged in reasoning, problem-solving, and critical thinking. This type of thinking is necessary for handling complex tasks, making informed decisions, and considering options carefully. It is essential in situations where accuracy and thoroughness are crucial, such as in law enforcement and corrections, where decisions can have significant consequences.

In contrast, the other options describe characteristics associated with System 1 thinking, which is more intuitive and reactive. Effortless processing, associative memory, and instinctive reactions all point toward automatic responses that do not require deep cognitive processing, whereas System 2 thinking demands active engagement and thoughtful deliberation.