Which of the following increases the risk of latent TB infection progressing to TB disease?

Co-infection with HIV significantly increases the risk of latent TB infection progressing to active TB disease. HIV weakens the immune system, making the body less capable of fighting off infections, including the bacteria that cause tuberculosis. Individuals with compromised immune systems, such as those infected with HIV, are at a much higher risk of developing TB if they are already carrying the bacterium in a latent form.

In contrast, regular exercise, low humidity environments, and access to nutritious food generally support overall health and can bolster the immune system. Regular exercise is known to improve immune response, while nutritious food provides the necessary vitamins and minerals needed for a strong immune system. A low humidity environment, while not directly related to TB progression, does not contribute to increased risk in the same way that immune compromise from HIV does. Thus, co-infection with HIV is the key factor that elevates the risk of latent TB becoming active disease.